This is a momentary departure from my usual blogging. Instead
of writing about early church studies, I’m making a brief foray into a subject
that greatly interests me – Christian pacifism. A few notes about history still
have a place here, but obviously the subject matter also requires discussion of
ethical questions with a Christian perspective. I don’t expect all Christians
to agree with me here. But I hope this merits a hearing.
A few introductory
words on ‘shalom-making’
Jesus had an interest in the things that make for peace at
many levels; it is reported that he saw Jerusalem in danger, predicted its
violent destruction by its enemies, and addressed the city, as if it were a
person: ‘If you, even you, had only known on this day what would bring you
peace ...’ (Luke 20:42) This essay is a study in political reconciliation at
the level of societies.
In Christ, in his mission which is currently put into effect
in the ongoing inauguration of his eschatological kingdom,[1] we
find the nature of peace-making. This is not something passive – it is
‘shalom-making’, as this essay calls it.[2]
In the first place, Christ rejects ‘both violence and
passivity’.[3] He
is ‘the bearer of a new possibility of human, social, and therefore political
relationships.’[4]
What kind of agenda might shalom-making have?
An agenda of the things that make for liberation, justice
and peace.[5] But
liberation from what? What does justice look like? What kind of peace? This short
study cannot cover everything that people will have in mind. Of course, the
first thing to say that as Christians, the gospel in the first place liberates
ourselves from sin, and in so doing it is part of a process of liberating a
fallen world from sin. This understanding underpins everything else we have to
say. There is a temptation to put all the blame for the world somewhere else –
to blame one particular economic system, or to blame ‘inequality’, and there
may well be something to say about each of these things. But the Christian adds
little value unless we start from thankfulness for God’s saving act in Jesus in
liberating us from our own individual sin. Otherwise, we are a bit like someone
with a plank in our own eye, telling the world to remove a speck from its own. We
can’t put the world to rights by modelling fallen-ness, but we can make a start
by modelling repentance from sin, and working out the values of the age to
come.
Shalom-making must have some kind of vision of what this
world is meant to be at its best, and some sense of how Christ is bringing his
kingdom in. In this, I am going to strive to be unashamedly biblical. Perhaps
this is something of a truism, but when Jesus returns, he will have the same
understanding of the Bible that he had when he left. The Old Testament of
course was his Bible, and the New Testament goes with it as evidence of the
fullness of Christ’s revelation of the beauty, grace, truth and justice of God.
Things that were wrong in the Old Testament don’t become right. But the way
that God deals with sin, imperfection, unholiness and injustice does change from
the Old Testament to the New Testament. How fallen-ness is dealt with in Jesus
changes the way that we should see the world’s redemption from sin.
The church belongs at the forefront of shalom-making,[6] because
it must model the kingdom age, as all things are being reconciled in Christ
(Eph 1:10). There is something of the classic ‘now’ and ‘not yet’ to this
problem. As ‘kingdom’ signifies the ingressing reign of God now, not a place
far away,[7]
nor entirely in the eschatological future,[8] there
should be current experience of its restorative power, presenting more substance
than a cessation of violence,[9] presenting
a model of reconciliation, one that is characteristic of unity in Christ. A
unity across ethnicity, status and gender is characteristic of this: “So in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith,
for all of you who were baptised into
Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor
is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” (Gal
3:26-28).[10]
Hence, using the term ‘shalom-making’ signals more than the
term ‘peace-making’ and that is why I use it here. I don't use terms like 'social justice' because the is encompassed in the word shalom. The proliferation of terms like social justice, climate justice, environmental justice, alongside terms such as criminal justice, all bear witness to the fact the the English word justice lacks depth of meaning that it generally only gets by attaching another word to it. Whereas shalom is a word with the necessary depth because it signposts to the way the world should be.
This essay explores a biblical basis for political peace-making
and visits historic interventions that illustrate how the prayer for the
kingdom to come can be realised, demonstrating possibilities of its ‘already’
which foreshadow its ‘not yet’. I will bear in mind that Christian have
Christ-like self-limitations, lines that we don’t cross; and are also facing opposition
from formidable forces presents challenges and opportunities in shalom-making.
Let’s look at some biblical sources for the kinds of
principles that Christians should be holding to.
Biblical foundations:
the beatitudes
In the beatitudes, Jesus expounds upon his blessing upon peace-makers,
and he does this in terms of forsaking murderous anger and settling disputes,
with an onus on the party at fault to take the initiative (Matt 5:9, 21-26). That
is easily connected to, but distinct from, his blessing on the merciful. Note the different emphasis here. He expounds being merciful in terms of turning the
other cheek and loving enemies, with an onus on the victim to stem the exchange
of aggression and return love (5:7, 38-48).[11]
So in peace-making the onus is on the party at fault to
forsake murderous instincts and settle disputes, but Jesus also puts an onus on
the victim to stem the exchange of aggression and return love. The model is
here to avoid cycles of violence.
Therefore, while being merciful is characterised by the
persecuted church’s non-retaliation as a church, peace-making goes wider. It complements
the church’s model of mercy with things being made right in relationships.[12]
Biblical foundations:
shalom-making and Jubilee
The Bible has more to say to help us be principled about
shalom-making.
Shalom is good news for the poor, not least in material
well-being and justice. For the prophets, shalom ‘defines how things should
be... there could be no shalom if things were not as they ought to be.’[13] It
challenges structures: it would not do, say, to benefit from unfair trade with
no sense of a need for redress:[14]
‘Sin affects the structures of the world, and we oppose sin in all its
manifestations, including our own complicity in what is wrong.’[15] Shalom-making
cannot obviate ‘dismantling the structures of oppression’ in the present.[16] An example of such a dismantling would be the British abolition of its transatlantic slave trade in the 1800s. We have to be careful to identify "structures of oppression" according to biblical principles, all the more so today because there are many rival voices competing as to what such structures are and what ought to be dismantled. In fact, some of these voices could actually be contemplating the de-Christianisation of society,
Jesus’ reading of Isaiah 61 indicates an immediate expectation
of fairer structures in society, proclaiming the fulfilment of the
shalom-making Jubilee.[17] This
invokes the ‘radical socio-economic programme’ which involves prisoner release
and the ‘redistribution of wealth and assets’ (Luke 4:17-21).[18] It
meant ‘everyone returned to their own plot of land and houses and were able
again to sit under their vines and fig-trees in shalom.’[19] Realising
this kingdom, Jesus’ followers practiced a Jubilee lifestyle:[20]
‘the primary social structure through which the gospel works to change other
structures is that of the Christian community.’[21]
Significantly, Jesus omits from his reading Isaiah’s verses on vengeance and promotes
reconciling love for Israel’s enemies, indicating a Jubilee for friend and foe.[22]
Biblical foundations:
Proverbs and justice
We are not yet finished with what the Bible has to say to
help us with shalom-making. In a book that starts with “In the beginning God…”,
how could we be?
Proverbs helps shape a shalom framework, including: advocacy
on behalf of the oppressed (31:8-9); charity (19:17); and direct action (24:11-12).[23]
There is a nuanced position to be had: while a ‘passer-by’ who meddles in
others’ quarrels is frowned upon (26:17), so-called neutrality or abstention of
third parties in the face of injustice could not be condoned as it conveniences
the strong in the oppression of the weak (21:13; see also Isa 58:6, 59:15-16).
There are many times therefore where Christians in good conscience will stand
up to the power of the state, and challenge the direction it is taking society,
be it in advocacy, charity or some kind of peaceful direct action.
In light of these verses, Christians are bound to wonder what is on God’s heart when faced with realities such as that, in Great Britain today, abortion is the chosen end for a million pregnancies every five years. A million. Or 200,000 a year if you prefer. God's heart for the women and all involved and affected must be profoundly moved. Other examples could be cited. For instance, in a world where refugee crises follow each other in quick succession, we might heed the words of Isaiah 16:3-4:
Hide the fugitives,
do not betray the refugees.
Let the Moabite fugitives stay with you,
be their shelter from the destroyer.
In many ways, Jeremiah 22:16 is relevant:
"He defended the
cause of the poor and needy,
and so all went well.
Is that not what
it means to know me?”
declares the Lord.
The political
dimension
Politics is not to be narrowly construed as the prerogative
of political parties but encompasses public governance.[24]
In the fact of God’s reign, the gospel is unavoidably political,[25]
and signifies a clash of kingdoms.[26] A
Christian critique of “Caesar’s” management of God’s world will happen
wittingly or unwittingly. What I mean by that is this. Simply living by the
values of the beatitudes is not politically neutral, especially with its good
favour towards enemies and the poor. Simply running a church foodbank is
unavoidably raising the question of why the poor have no food. Heralding a
Jubilee kingdom that is good news for the poor implies that something else has
been bad news for them, and an act of redress is implicitly a challenge to
that. It can provoke hostility from the powers critiqued, if it points to
another regime.[27]
Those powers may be many and various, from commerce-led debt spirals that
illustrate the powerful encouraging irresponsible lending and borrowing; or for
all kinds of reasons individuals being trapped in lives that impoverish themselves;
and all the way up to government policies that neglect justice for the
vulnerable. Liberation can act at all these levels.
Peace-making faces a great challenge in this clash of
kingdoms, in which the rule of Christ is contested.[28] The
‘whole world’ (here taken to reference structures and systems) ‘is under the
control of the evil one’ (1 John 5:19). But this scripture is not meant to be a
white flag of surrender. The ‘world’ inhibits shalom-making, but not so easily
where the reign of Christ is breaking in upon the ‘world’.
Let’s go in a direction of particular interest to this
study. Since all power in heaven and on earth has been given to Jesus (Matt
28:18, Heb 2:8), the nation state is subordinated to him, and it is not for it
to overwhelm the people with its power.[29] If
his kingdom is ‘the authority of God achieving God’s will on earth as it is in
heaven by the release of power through his people’,[30] then
the church is God’s vehicle for inaugurating it, in part fulfilment of Jesus’
kingdom prayer. It is therefore necessary to have Christian peace-makers who
know a methodology consistent with Christ’s kingdom, forsaking ‘worldly-wise’
tactics in the contesting of kingdoms: manipulation, coercion, duplicity.[31]
This self-limitation needs to be firmly understood by practitioners, since
contrasting voices that also work for peace unfortunately advocate coercive
tactics that have more to do with ‘the control of the evil one’ than the ethos
of the beatitudes.[32]
Although there are many areas in the present world that need
shalom, this study will now look at struggles of past centuries, because they
can tell us a lot.
Three positions that
purport to Christian peace
Post-reformation, there has not been unanimity on methods
and scope for realising Christian peace, but a missiological evolution has
occurred. Three broad positions that lay claim to Christian peace emerge:
isolation from the world, non-violent intervention in the world, and violent
intervention.
There are many positive things to say about the Anabaptists.
But with a pessimistic isolationist worldview, some sixteenth century
Anabaptists ordered only their own religious community;[33] and
some isolationists may even tolerate collapse in the external social order[34],
awaiting the eschatological solution when Christ returns.[35] As
such these isolanist attitudes fall outside the scope of this study in
political reconciliation.[36] Jesus
engaged vocally with political forces of his day.[37]
Not least, he tackled teachings that were contrary to the spirit of Jubilee.[38]
He could hardly be seeking for his followers to do less.[39] A
role of conscience, in holding governments to account to deal with people and
issues justly, rather than one of silence or acquiescence to injustice, falls
to the church. With positive interventions that eschew violence, Christians have
advanced political reconciliation. Historic interventions include: offering
public critique against military conscription;[40]
promoting ‘the desirability of international peace’ and ‘the establishment of
an embryo league of nations to maintain peace’;[41]
using public authority to make neighbourly peace between the state and its
enemies, as Penn promoted between Quakers and Indians in Pennsylvania; [42] non-violent direct action and civil
disobedience, for example against race discrimination;[43]
campaigning for non-violent alternatives to war, and mediation for conflict
resolution;[44]
campaigns against colonialism and warnings against the dangers of clashing imperialisms
and capitalism;[45]
development of thought on restructuring society,[46]
as a conscience within society;[47]
and working for social and racial reconciliation, notably by the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission under the guidance of Archbishop Tutu, a non-violent
liberationist, which propelled reconciliation work to the forefront of world
politics,[48]
prompting suggestions of an analogous process in an Israeli-Palestinian
settlement.[49]
A missiological evolution has occurred, such that, in the
example of Quakers, conscientious objection has taken onboard ‘politicization’,
with efforts to discover and remove causes of international and social
conflict.[50]
In aspiring to shalom-making, foundations of justice must be built, and this
cannot be realised on the individual level alone, but by challenging those who
foster unjust structures, for the transformation of the system and its
operators,[51]
advising governments of their accountability before God,[52]
and the requirement on them for justice.[53]
Finally, notwithstanding the view that peace won through
violence 'has little to do with the peace Jesus offers’,[54] there
are Christians who would take up the sword with government to protect one’s
neighbour from aggressors; while others will go further with the sword to
remove the tyrant.[55] It
would, however, be difficult to presume to know when a tyrant is bad enough to
be disqualified.[56]
I assent to the view that the conduct of followers of Jesus excludes the extremes
of isolationism and violence (Matt 5:38-48); and tactical non-violent acts can
contribute to shalom, valid tools for political reconciliation.[57] This
is not, however, to prescribe to states that they must always be non-violent,
as God’s prerogative in how he uses states to repress evil may sometimes differ
from that.
Nationalism and international
peace-making
Nationalism sits uneasily with the church,[58] and
many Christians resist calls upon themselves to display it.[59]
Jesus did not take up the national flag to rout the Romans from Israel, which
would have fostered ethnocentrism.[60] His
intended church cannot be divided along racial or political boundaries. Albeit
a nation purports to be ‘Christian’,[61]
his followers belong to the new creation, with his non-nationalistic reign over
it,[62] testimony
to the reconciliatory nature of his kingdom.[63] His
successful assimilation of a radical nationalist and a collaborative tax-collector
in his core group is illustrative.
However, the leap from non-nationalistic shalom to
international peace-making is complex. The risks increase with, not least, the
numbers of aggressive participants, and ‘a peace strategy of any type will be
constrained by the willingness of the conflicting parties to play their part.’[64]
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, for example, is ‘a clash of two national
movements’ with many fraught questions in any settlement process.[65]
Anti-war protesting
The sixteenth century Swiss Brethren held that, with their
non-involvement, and ‘outside the perfection of Christ’, the magistrate’s sword
could be used by God to punish the wicked and protect the good in wider society.[66] A
corresponding principle may apply in international justice: God may use governments’
proclivity for violence, to wage war against evil.[67] That
is, God is to a degree ordering these governments, albeit not instituting them.[68] There are multiple examples described by biblical prophets such as Ezekiel where other nations' proclivity for violence is used as a judgment against the sins of Israel and yet such nations' violence is not celebrated by God but judged by God in turn: "Since you did not hate bloodshed, bloodshed will pursue you" (Ezek. 35:6). So in Christian peace-making, we can respect secular authorities, respecting that God may make use of them, but knowing that God has not written a blank cheque to licence governments to love bloodshed and to perpetrate injustices. Jesus has been made Lord of the nations and their leaders will be accountable to him for their actions.
Non-violence is not necessarily a divine instruction to governments, but to disciples (Rom 13), and Christians need to exercise caution if presuming to know that God does not intend such and such a military conflict to take place; they should not claim anti-war protests in general as divinely sanctioned ministry; any arguments for such protests stand on other grounds, probably shared with others who are not Christians; on such grounds, it is legitimate to query the governance of warmongers, and ask them what preferable alternatives have been explored.[69]
Non-violence is not necessarily a divine instruction to governments, but to disciples (Rom 13), and Christians need to exercise caution if presuming to know that God does not intend such and such a military conflict to take place; they should not claim anti-war protests in general as divinely sanctioned ministry; any arguments for such protests stand on other grounds, probably shared with others who are not Christians; on such grounds, it is legitimate to query the governance of warmongers, and ask them what preferable alternatives have been explored.[69]
Prayer
In contrast to the above, the third century theologian Origen
describes Christians taking sides in war, not physically, but through prayer (not
just for overcoming physical powers in war, but also in spiritual warfare
overcoming non-corporeal powers as causes of wars)[70]
on the basis that a judgement has been made that “Caesar’s” campaign is
justified.[71]
However, the difficulty in claiming divine legitimacy for a war is illustrated
in self-proclaimed Christians on both sides doing so.[72]
Jesus, in taking on the spiritual powers behind
Rome’s power and wealth, sought followers who turn from their agendas to his,
risking ‘political danger’.[73]
Prayer can be in unity across borders, for good of friends and foes, for the defeat
of evil and the making of societies of shalom. We can view Paul’s desire for
prayer for governments in this light (1 Tim 2:1-2). The problems of taking
sides in prayer or otherwise may sometimes be more difficult, sometimes less
so.
Peace-making in the
‘already’ and ‘not yet’
Christians must be aware of the causes of conflict explored
in James’ perspective on peace-making. James 3:13-4:10 asks the direct question
of what causes wars. His analysis ‘links envy and social unrest’, a consequence
of finding identity in outdoing others in property,[74] in
fear of insufficiency of resource to go around. His answer, in light of divine
provision, is to ‘sow peace’. Albeit, according to Jesus, there is not always
good soil to sow into, and there will be birds of the air that steal what is
sown, the faithful will continue to sow seeds generously.[75]
James visualises liberating people not only from oppression, but from
inculcation into the values which oppress them.[76] This
is the personal transformation that makes peace-makers.
This is the ‘not-yet’ era in which the church can model reconciling
alternatives of the age to come:[77]
‘The non-violent messianic community penetrates the social order in its own
fashion.’[78]
It is the work of an activist God in Jesus,[79]
who shares in the suffering of the world.[80]
His cross disempowers spiritual powers that stand behind oppressive structures,
such as the money-god identified as “mammon”, with Jesus’ cross doing this in
preparation for his church to minister.[81] This
church’s ministry here needs to be clear in minds. It is not a call to replace
violence with other forms of manipulation or bullying, but to be a transforming
witness to it, following his sacrificial example.[82]
A hypothetical question rears its head here. In a state
where the vast majority of the populace are disciples of Jesus, how should
their government, mainly comprised of Christians, fulfil the state’s role of
repressing the wicked? I do not purport to present an answer to that here. There
are difficulties. In the ancient biblical kingdom of Israel, where both priests
and kings acknowledged the authority of God, the separation of powers between
priests and kings is informative, but is that relationship meant to be a model
for the church and the state? Or at least, what lessons can be learned from it?
What can modern history teach us? In mediaeval Europe, the Catholic
church was powerful but so were princes, and to an extent each kept the other
in check. After the Reformation, a change was afoot in the rise of Protestant theocracies
in some parts of Europe instead – and without such a tension to hold back
excess - and it cannot be said that these theocracies showed some Protestant
churches in their best possible light. What lessons can be learned from that?
Was the mediaeval tension between the Catholic church and princes a safer bet
for a fallen world? The modern state is overwhelmingly secular in the United
Kingdom and the tension between church and State does too little to hold back
the excesses of the state. Secular humanism is not a neutral space of course.
It does not acknowledge the authority of God, and its powerful purveyors do not
regard themselves as accountable to God or potentially subject to divine
judgement. In such a situation, the risk is all the greater that absolute power
corrupts absolutely. The risk is higher that the secular state lacks healthy
boundaries and plays God, dictating to everyone and everything what to think,
what to value, how to live in every sphere of life. In this situation, speaking
truth to power is ever more important, and the church must not vacate the
public space. For its freedoms, for its own good and the good of society, there
is no healthy alternative.
And could the values of the beatitudes still prevail in a
church-state that represents a hypothetical country of Christian disciples? For
the moment, these remain hypothetical questions.
However, there are dangerous and violent powers in the world
today, and the tension between church and state can play a helpful role. It is
apposite that ‘the church injects values of God’s kingdom into the public
square and improves the climate for them.’[83]
The kingdom for which Jesus sought prayer does not assert tyranny;[84] but
plays a role “to live the reconciling life of beatitude, in which blessings of
the age are prefigured in this world.’[85] Historic
interventions for shalom-making and reconciliation light the way; but until the
day when all tears will be turned to joy, the lion lies with the lamb, and
swords are beaten into ploughshares, this marks a line which shalom-making walks.
[1]
Perry Yoder, Shalom (London: Hodder
and Stoughton, 1987), 144.
[2]
Ibid., 114.
[3]
Donald B. Kraybill, The Upside-down
Kingdom (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2011), 185.
[4]
John H. Yoder, The Politics of Jesus
(Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1972), 63.
[5]
Yoder, Shalom, 146.
[6]
David H. McIlroy, A Trinitarian theology
of law: In Conversation with Jurgen Moltmann, Oliver O’Donovan and Thomas
Aquinas (Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 2009), 238.
[7]
David J. Bosch, Transforming Mission:
Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1991),
35.
[8]
Kim Tan, The Jubilee Gospel: The Jubilee,
Spirit and the Church (Milton Keynes: Authentic, 2008), 93.
[9]
McIlroy, Law, 56.
[10]
Notably, apart from Jesus’ use in Matthew 5:24, Paul alone in the New Testament
uses words translated as ‘reconcile’, and not often.
[11]
Roger Forster, The Kingdom of Jesus
(Carlisle: Authentic Lifestyle, 2002), 79.
[12]
Kraybill, Upside-down, 192.
[13]
Yoder, Shalom, 10-17.
[14]
Ibid., 115.
[15]
Clark H. Pinnock, Flame of Love: A
Theology of the Holy Spirit (Downer’s Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 1996), 146.
[16]
Yoder, Shalom, 23.
[17]
Bosch, Transforming, 118.
[18]
Tan, Jubilee, 3, 16, 26.
[19]
Ibid., 67.
[20]
Ibid., 93.
[21]
Yoder, Politics, 157.
[22]
Bosch, Transforming, 110-111.
[23]
Yoder, Shalom, 141.
[24]
Alan Storkey, Jesus and Politics:
Confronting the Powers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005), 10.
[25]
Bosch, Transforming, 33.
[26]
Nicholas T. Wright and Marcus J. Borg, The
meaning of Jesus: Two visions (London: Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge, 1999), 219.
[27]
Yoder, Politics, 39. See also Kraybill,
Upside-down, 55; and Heidi Baker with
Shara Pradhan, Compelled by Love
(Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2008), 128-130.
[28]
McIlroy, Law, 58.
[29]
Storkey, Jesus, 127.
[30]
Forster, Kingdom, 25.
[31] Yoder,
Politics, 158.
[32]
Klug contemplates the use of the superpowers in ‘coercive methods’. Tony Klug, Visions of the Endgame: A strategy to bring
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict swiftly to an end (London: Fabian Society,
2009), 4.
[33]
Peter Brock, A Brief History of Pacifism
from Jesus to Tolstoy (Toronto: Syracuse University Press, 1992), 20.
[34]
Bosch, Transforming, 401.
[35]
Ibid., 318.
[36]
For a summary of isolationist positions, see Brock, Pacifism, 20, 23, 28, 31, 64.
[37]
Storkey, Jesus, 38.
[38]
Ibid., 188.
[39]
Tan, Jubilee, 75, 88.
[40]
Brock, Pacifism, 15.
[41]
Ibid., 42-43.
[42]
Ibid., 44.
[43]
Ibid., 70-71.
[44]
Ibid., 39, 56.
[45]
Ibid., 57, 61.
[46]
Ibid., 75.
[47]
Yoder, Politics, 158.
[48]
Bosch, Transforming, 434, 438.
[49]
Klug, Endgame, 26.
[50]
Brock, Pacifism, 62.
[51]
Yoder, Shalom, 114.
[52]
Lesslie Newbigin, The Gospel in a
Pluralist Society (London: SPCK, 1989), 139.
[53]
Yoder, Shalom, 103.
[54]
Bosch, Transforming, 119.
[55]
Gerald J. Mast and J. Denny Weaver, Defenseless
Christianity (Telford, PA: Cascadia Publishing House, 2009), 57-58.
[56]
Yoder, Politics, 202.
[57]
Yoder, Shalom, 145.
[58]
Mast and Weaver, Defenseless, 25.
[59]
Kraybill, Upside-down, 187.
[60]
Ibid., 198.
[61]
Mast and Weaver, Defenseless, 101.
[62]
Storkey, Jesus, 199.
[63]
Ibid., 157.
[64]
Klug, Visions, 27-29.
[65]
Ibid., 6, 25-26.
[66]
Brock, Pacifism, 19.
[67]
Yoder, Shalom, 139.
[68]
Yoder, Politics, 199-213.
[69]
Gregory Boyd, “What I – a Pacifist – Would say to Obama About the Crisis In
Syria”
<http://reknew.org/2013/09/what-i-a-pacifist-would-say-to-obama-about-the-crisis-in-syria/>
(6 September 2013).
[70]
Origen, Untitled. DECB, p. 680.
[71]
Brock, Pacifism, 12.
[72]
Kraybill, Upside-down, 187.
[73]
Wright and Borg, Meaning, 36, 38, 48.
[74]
Luke T. Johnson, The Living Gospel
(London: Continuum, 2004), 84.
[75]
Baker with Pradhan, Compelled,
112-114.
[76]
Yoder, Shalom, 145.
[77]
Dave and Neta Jackson, Living together in
a World falling apart: a handbook on Christian community (Carol Stream, IL:
Creation House, 1974), 273-274.
[78]
Pinnock, Flame, 146-147.
[79]
Mast and Weaver, Defenseless, 99.
[80]
Wright and Borg, Meaning, 224.
[81]
Newbigin, Gospel, 203.
[82]
Yoder, Politics, 242, 248.
[83]
Pinnock, Flame, 146.
[84]
McIlroy, Law, 82.
[85]
Pinnock, Flame, 143.
Bibliography
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Internet article
Boyd, Gregory.
“What
I – a Pacifist – Would say to Obama About the Crisis In Syria.” No pages.
<http://reknew.org/2013/09/what-i-a-pacifist-would-say-to-obama-about-the-crisis-in-syria/>
(6 September 2013).
